回顾反思救赎：苏联大清洗70年祭(二)

savilian

<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 6pt 0pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 27.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=center><FONT color=black><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">列宁创建的党被消灭了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 15pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 6pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT color=black><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>莫斯科大审判一共</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>次，它是</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1937</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>～</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1938</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>大清洗的高潮剧目，另外两次是</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1937</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>年</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>月</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">23</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>日开庭的“平行总部案件”和</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1938</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>年</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>月的“二十一人审判”。三次大审判的被告人数分别为</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">16</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>、</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">17</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>、</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">21</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>。除第二、三次各有</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">3</SPAN><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">人获有期徒刑外，其余被告全部枪决。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 6pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT color=black><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>当年著名的列宁遗嘱中提到了</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">6</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>位苏共领导人，最后除斯大林外，另外</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>人</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">--</SPAN><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">托洛茨基、季诺维也夫、加米涅夫、布哈林、皮达科夫，全部在三次大审判中被处决（托洛茨基因流放海外缺席审判，但后被刺杀）。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 6pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT color=black><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>此外，领导十月革命的第</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">6</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>届中央委员会成员中有</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">2/3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>被枪决；</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">11</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>大中央委员会的</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">27</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>人有</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">20</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>人被枪决；</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">15</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>大政治局的</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">7</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>人，除斯大林外，</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">6</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>人被枪决或暗杀；第</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>届苏维埃政府的</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">15</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>名成员中，除</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>人已去世外，除斯大林外的</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">9</SPAN><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">人全部遭枪决。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 6pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT color=black><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1936</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>－</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1938</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>年间，苏共一半的党员</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">--</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>约</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">120</SPAN><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">万人被逮捕。有人总结，列宁创建的党被斯大林消灭了。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 6pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT color=black><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>斯大林对列宁时期的老布尔什维克的清洗，其实并非始自大清洗。早在</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1929</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>～</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1931</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>年的清党运动中，就有</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">25</SPAN><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">万人被开除党籍。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 31.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 6pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT color=black><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>大清洗在苏共塑造了一种恐怖文化，党的干部不敢多人共乘一辆汽车，因为容易被怀疑为阴谋聚会，他们不敢也不会有真正的私人友谊。除了斯大林，他们不敢邀请同事到自己家吃饭。</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">--</SPAN><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">到斯大林家吃饭也令人胆战心惊，虽然谁都渴望那个位置，但正如布尔加宁所说：“你永远不知道从那座位离开后你会去哪里？是回家还是监狱。”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 6pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face=宋体><FONT color=black><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">大清洗完成了苏共的政治大换血。列宁时代的苏共党员，相当多数是理想主义者，他们虽然对管理一个国家并无经验，但对建设一个理想社会却充满热情，他们有着老布尔什维克朴素的正义感和对党的忠诚。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 6pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT color=black><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>到了</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1939</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>年，苏共党员干部中，</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">80</SPAN><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">％是列宁死后才加入苏共，他们是通过斯大林修改过的历史和各种宣传物品教育成长起来的一代人，在他们的心目，除了列宁和斯大林，早期革命领袖几乎全是叛徒。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 6pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face=宋体><FONT color=black><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">换血前的苏共，相信“党的一切都是对的”，换血后的苏共，相信“党的领袖的一切都是对的”。苏共换血后最可怕的质的变化是，党的新成员们，已经习惯于告密和揭发的文化，习惯于看领导的眼色行事，习惯于通过出卖灵魂的方式，获取物质和权力上的享受。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 6pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT color=black><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face=宋体>大清洗完成了斯大林绝对正确历史地位的塑造。</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1938</SPAN><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">年，斯大林钦定的《联共（布）党史简明教程》出版，大清洗中的一切政治谎言堂而皇之进入历史，成为影响数十个国家几代人的历史教材。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>